The Local Development Council (LDC) plays a critical role in local governance through its integrative and participatory planning and budget policymaking functions mandated by the 1991 Local Government Code. The LDC’s participatory governance goal, stemming from the Code’s requirement for civil society organization (CSO) membership, has been gradually problematized over the years to extend beyond the operational functionality of formalized activities and mechanisms toward participation that empowers citizen influence in policymaking in local government units (LGUs). Drawing from a national baseline survey of LDCs, this study examines CSO participation through the lens of compliance with mandated mechanisms and practices that structure LDC functions and activities, as perceived by LDC members (CSOs and LGU functionaries). Findings indicate that formalized mechanisms are necessary but insufficient for advancing participatory governance principles in LDCs. LGUs demonstrate relatively high compliance in involving CSOs in LDC committees and budget processes, yet perception gaps reveal that LGUs systematically overestimate CSO engagement, particularly in provinces and municipalities. Results also suggest that LGUs tend to equate the sufficiency of participation with compliance to minimum operational requirements set by national policies, while both LGUs and CSOs underscore persistent gaps in CSOs’ technical capacity to meet the varying demands of policymaking across LGU types and budget phases. Furthermore, analysis of participation frequency reveals that more recurrent activities do not necessarily translate into more substantive engagement. Instead, biannual to quarterly activities approximate an optimal frequency for meaningful participation, especially in high-functioning LDCs with stronger agenda-setting and deliberation practices. The study provides recommendations for nuancing national policies with LGU characteristics and local policymaking phases and for creating relational and deliberative spaces that enable LDC stakeholders to steer the quality of their participation with the support and oversight of the national government and CSO networks.
